OLiA ontologies

The Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation (OLiA) are a repository of linguistic data categories used for

corpus annotation,
Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools,
machine-readable dictionaries,
and other linguistic resources

They formalize application-specific terms (e.g., an annotation scheme) as OWL2/DL ontologies, and provide a declarative linking with an application-independent Reference Model that then serves as a mediator to different community-maintained terminology repositories such as GOLD and ISOcat. In this function, they will serve as a central hub for linguistic data categories within the emerging Linguistic Linked Open Data cloud. OLiA provides Annotation Models for linguistic annotations and NLP tools for more than 85 languages together with their linking to a common Reference Model that provides their respective terms and concepts.

The OLiA ontologies are being developed at the Applied Computational Linguistics (ACoLi) Lab at the Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany. Earlier development took place in the context of Collaborative Research Center "Linguistic Data Structures", (SFB 441/C2) in a collaborative effort of the universities of Tübingen, Hamburg, Potsdam, HU Berlin (2005-2008), and subsequently, at the Collaborative Research Center "Information Structure" (SFB 632/D1) with participation of the University Potsdam and the Humboldt-University Berlin (since 2007). The original goal was to document and to formalize linguistic categories for all language resources of the linguistic collaborative research centers existing at the time. Later on, different applications in corpus linguistics, natural language processing and the Semantic Web have been developed.

Via its Sourceforge repository, OLiA provides 42 Annotation Models for more than 75 different languages or language stages covering morphology, morphosyntax, phrase structure syntax, dependency syntax, aspects of semantics, as well as recent extensions to discourse, information structure and anaphora annotation. Additional OLiA annotation models externally hosted and/or provided include

language-specific editions of the Universal Dependencies (version 1.3, in Filip Ginter's fork of the UD documentation), covering 54 treebanks and 40 languages.
Resources for Korean NLP2RDF with Annotation and Linking Models for the Korean Sejong Treebank by Younggyun Hahm and Key-Sun Choi
MULTEXT-East morphosyntactic specifications for corpora and lexicons in 16 (mostly) Eastern European languages, developed by Christian Chiarcos and Tomas Erjavec

Below, links to external resources are marked with (*).

OLiA is used in a number of projects and resources, including

W3C Ontology-Lexica Community Group (OntoLex) who develops models for the representation of lexica (and machine readable dictionaries) relative to ontologies [OntoLex, OntoLex lemon model specifications]
MULTEXT-East morphosyntactic specifications for corpora and lexicons in 16 (mostly) Eastern European languages [Ontology for MULTEXT-East]
lemonUby, the Linked Open Data edition of UBY, a large-scale lexical-semantic resource currently comprising 10 major NLP resources for English and German (WordNet/GermaNet, Wiktionary, Wikipedia, FrameNet, VerbNet, IMSLex-Subcat, OmegaWiki) [lemonUby, UBY]
Apache Stanbol, a project to develop reusable components for semantic content management [Apache Stanbol, NLP specifications]
NLP Interchange Format (NIF), a community project developing RDF-based specifications for NLP tools, webservices and pipelines in the NLP2RDF system [NLP2RDF, NIF core specifications]
POWLA, a scheme for annotated corpora, an OWL2/DL representation of PAULA, the Potsdamer Austauschformat Linguistischer Annotationen (Potsdam Exchange Format of Linguistic Annotations), originally a XML standoff data model underlying the development of the corpus information system ANNIS [POWLA, PAULA, ANNIS, POWLA-based Information Extraction]
lin|gu|is|tik.de is a library portal that provides a near-exhaustive bibliography for the field of general linguistics. Here, OLiA serves as conceptual reference for the Bibliography of Linguistic Literature (BLL) ontology, see here for details.
Other applications include the general use of the OLiA Reference Model as a reference vocabulary for linguistic data categories in the Linguistic Linked Open Data cloud, e.g.,
- OLiA is used for philological resources, e.g., the Linked Old Germanic Dictionaries (lexical resources for, e.g., Gothic, Old/Middle/Early Modern High German, Old/Middle English and Middle Dutch).

This page enumerates the ontologies that are currently available. The ontologies are released under a Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY (Reference Model: CC-BY-SA) with reference to

Christian Chiarcos, and Maria Sukhareva (2015). OLiA - Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation, SWJ (Semantic Web Journal) 6(4): 379-386.

As further reference, see our ontology-relevant publications, and some remarks on the background of the OLiA ontologies. Besides the ontologies listed below, there are a number of experimental ontologies, including the OLiA Discourse Extensions, further annotation schemes, the linking with GOLD and the ISO TC37/SC4 Data Category Registry. For enquiries with respect to these lease contact Christian Chiarcos.

The OLiA architecture is a set of modular OWL/DL ontologies with ontological models of annotation schemes (Annotation Models) on the one hand, an ontology of reference terms (Reference Model) on the other hand, and ontologies (Linking Models) that implement subClassOf relationships between them.

For convenient viewing the ontologies, we provide a partial static HTML export of the OLiA Reference Model, and the OLiA Discourse Extensions. Note that these do not include Annotation and Linking Models.

For interactive browsing the OLiA ontologies, we recommend Protégé, an ontology browser and editor (available both as web and java edition, the latter requires local installation). For browsing the ontologies copy and paste the URLs given below.

Over our Sourceforge site, we provide a static data dump as well as access to our current developers' version in the in the SVN repository. The developers' version which is also available via the official Purl URL differs from the static dump mostly in the number of annotation schemes covered. Until the next version number (we are still at 0.x), OLiA development is strictly downward compatible, i.e., new concepts may be added, but existing concepts are never deleted, but only marked as deprecated.

Overview

OLiA Reference Model
OLiA Annotation Models for morphology, morphosyntax and syntax
(Annotation Models for more than 85 different languages or language stages)
- Multilingual
- English
- German
- other Germanic languages (Danish, Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish; Old/Middle English, Old Norse, Old High German, Gothic)
- Russian
- other Slavic and Baltic languages (Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Polish, Resian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Ukrainian; Old Church Slavonic)
- French
- other Romance and Italic languages (Latin; Catalan, Galician, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish)
- Uralic and Altaic languages (Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Kazakh, Turkish)
- other European languages (Armenian, Basque, Georgian, Greek, Irish)
- Indoiranian languages (Bangla, Farsi, Hindi, Konkani, Marathi, Sanskrit, Urdu)
- Dravidian languages (Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu)
- Tibeto-Burman languages (Old Tibetan, Classical Tibetan, Balti, Ladakh; Dzongkha, Prinmi)
- Eastern Asian languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese)
- Afroasiatic languages (Amharic, Arabic, Coptic, Guruntum, Hausa, Hebrew, Tangale)
- Subsaharic African languages (Aja, Buli, Byali, Dagbani, Ditammari, Fon, Foodo, Guruntum, Hausa, Konni, Nateni, Tangale, Waamma, Yom)
- Indigenous languages of the Americas, Australia and the Pacific (Indonesian, Yucatec Maya, Mawng, Niue, Teribe)
Annotation Models for discourse phenomena
- coreference, discourse relations, information structure
External Reference Models
- GOLD, ISO TC37/SC4 DCR (ISOcat), TDS
Other applications
- Ontological backbone of the Bibliography of Linguistic Literature

OLiA Reference Model and system ontologies

Module	phenomenon	OWL/DL models
OLiA Reference Model for morphosyntax, morphology and syntax	morphosyntax, morphology and syntax	http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl
OLiA Reference Model for discourse structure	discourse structure, discourse relations	see discourse extensions
OLiA Reference Model for information structure	information structure, information status, coreference	see discourse extensions
OLiA System Ontology	basic annotation data structures	http://purl.org/olia/system.owl
OLiA Top-Level Ontology	top-level concepts of the OLiA Reference Model for morphosyntax, morphology and syntax	http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl

Multilingual Annotation Models for morphological, morphosyntactic and syntactic annotation

tagset / NLP tool	phenomenon	languages	OWL/DL models
SFB632 annotation standard (Dipper et al. 2008)	parts of speech, glosses, chunk labels, grammatical functions (phonology, information structure)	> 30 typologically different languages, including many African languages	Annotation Model, Linking Model
EAGLES recommendations (Leech and Wilson 1996)	morphosyntax	11 EU languages, incl. Romance, Germanic, Greek and Irish	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Connexor dependency parser	morphosyntax, morphology, dependency syntax	10 European languages, incl. Romance, Germanic and Uralic languages	Annotation Model, Linking Model
MULTEXT-East	morphosyntax, morphology	15 mostly Eastern European languages, incl. Slavic, Romance, Uralic languages and Persian	Annotation Model (common specifications)(), Linking Model(); Annotation Model (all languages)(*), see project page and below for individual languages
IL-POSTS tagset Baskaran et al. (2008)	morphosyntax	languages of the Indian subcontinent	Annotation Model, Linking Model
AnnCorra Bharati et al. (2006)	morphosyntax, chunks	languages of the Indian subcontinent	Annotation Model, Linking Model
IIIT tagset IIT (2007)	morphosyntax	languages of the Indian subcontinent	Annotation Model, Linking Model
PROIEL	morphosyntax, dependency syntax	Older Indo-European languages (Greek, Latin, Gothic, Classical Armenian, Old Church Slavonic, others	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Universal Dependencies (POS)	parts of speech	various languages	(for language-specific Annotation Model ABoxes see below) Annotation Model TBox(*), Linking Model
Universal Dependencies (features)	morphosyntax	various languages	(for language-specific Annotation Model ABoxes see below) Annotation Model TBox(*)
Universal Dependencies (relations)	dependency syntax	various languages	(for language-specific Annotation Model ABoxes see below) Annotation Model TBox(*), Linking Model

Annotation Models for the morphological, morphosyntactic and syntactic annotation of English

tagset / NLP tool	phenomenon	OWL/DL models
Brown corpus tagset	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Connexor dependency parser	morphosyntax, morphology, dependency syntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
EAGLES recommendations (English) (Leech and Wilson 1996)	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
GENIA corpus	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
MULTEXT-East (English)	morphosyntax	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
Penn Treebank	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
	syntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
QTag	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Stanford dependency parser	dependency syntac	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Susanne corpus	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
English UD POS	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
English UD features	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
English UD dependencies	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model

Annotation Models for the morphological, morphosyntactic and syntactic annotation of German

tagset / NLP tool	phenomenon	OWL/DL models
Connexor dependency parser	morphosyntax, morphology, dependency syntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
EAGLES recommendations (German) (Leech and Wilson 1996)	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Morphisto	morphology	Annotation Model, Linking Model
STTS	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
TIGER/NEGRA	morphology	Annotation Model, Linking Model
	constituent syntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
TreeTagger Chunker	chunk labels	Annotation Model, Linking Model
German UD POS	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
German UD features	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
German UD dependencies	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
RFTagger	morphosyntax, morphology	t.b.a

Annotation Models for the morphological, morphosyntactic and syntactic annotation of other Germanic languages

tagset/NLP tool	language	phenomenon	OWL/DL models
EAGLES recommendations (Leech and Wilson 1996)	Danish, Dutch, Swedish (and several non-Germanic languages)	morphosyntax; inflectional morphology	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Danish UD POS	Danish	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Danish UD features	Danish	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Danish UD dependencies	Danish	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Alpino	Dutch	morphosyntax (POS)	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Lassy	Dutch	morphosyntax (POS)	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Dutch UD POS	Dutch	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Dutch UD features	Dutch	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Dutch UD dependencies	Dutch	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Norwegian UD POS	Norwegian	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Norwegian UD features	Norwegian	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Norwegian UD dependencies	Norwegian	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Mamba lexical categories	Swedish	morphosyntax (POS)	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Mamba dependencies	Swedish	dependency syntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Stockholm—Umeå Corpus (SUC 2.0)	Swedish	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Swedish UD POS	Swedish	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Swedish UD features	Swedish	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Swedish UD dependencies	Swedish	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Connexor	Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian	morphosyntax, morphology, dependency syntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
SFB632 annotation standard (Dipper et al. 2008)	Dutch (among other languages) (SFB 632, project D2)	parts of speech, glosses, chunk labels, grammatical functions (phonology, information structure)	Annotation Model, Linking Model
PPCME2 POS tags	Middle English	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
YCOE POS tags	Old English	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
MENOTA (incomplete)	Old Norse	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
T-CODEX	Old High German	morphosyntax, syntax, information structure	Annotation Model, Linking Model
PROIEL	Gothic (and others)	morphosyntax, dependency syntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Gothic UD POS	Gothic	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Gothic UD features	Gothic	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Gothic UD dependencies	Gothic	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model

Annotation Models for the morphological, morphosyntactic and syntactic annotation of Russian

tagset / NLP tool	phenomenon	OWL/DL models
Uppsala corpus tagset	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Russian TreeTagger (Serge Sharoff)	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
MULTEXT-East for Russian	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
Russian UD POS	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Russian UD features	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Russian UD dependencies	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model

Annotation Models for the morphosyntactic and syntactic annotation of other Slavic and Baltic languages

tagset / NLP tool	language	phenomenon	OWL/DL models
MULTEXT-East	Bulgarian	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
Bulgarian UD POS	Bulgarian	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Bulgarian UD features	Bulgarian	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Bulgarian UD dependencies	Bulgarian	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Croatian UD POS	Croatian	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Croatian UD features	Croatian	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Croatian UD dependencies	Croatian	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
MULTEXT-East	Czech	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
Czech UD POS	Czech	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Czech UD features	Czech	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Czech UD dependencies	Czech	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Latvian UD POS	Latvian	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Latvian UD features	Latvian	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Latvian UD dependencies	Latvian	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
MULTEXT-East	Macedonian	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
MULTEXT-East	Polish	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
Polish UD POS	Polish	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Polish UD features	Polish	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Polish UD dependencies	Polish	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
MULTEXT-East	Serbian	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
MULTEXT-East	Slovak	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
MULTEXT-East	Slovene	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
MULTEXT-East	Resian (Slovene spoken in Italy)	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
Slovenian UD POS	Slovene	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Slovenian UD features	Slovene	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Slovenian UD dependencies	Slovene	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
MULTEXT-East	Ukrainian	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model,() Linking Model()
Ukrainian UD POS	Ukrainian	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Ukrainian UD features	Ukrainian	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Ukrainian UD dependencies	Ukrainian	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
PROIEL	Old Church Slavonic (and others)	morphosyntax, dependency syntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Old Church Slavonic UD POS	Old Church Slavonic	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Old Church Slavonic UD features	Old Church Slavonic	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Old Church Slavonic UD dependencies	Old Church Slavonic	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model

Annotation Models for the morphological, morphosyntactic and syntactic annotation of French

tagset / NLP tool	phenomenon	OWL/DL models
EAGLES recommendations (Leech and Wilson 1996)	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
French TreeTagger (Achim Stein)	morphosyntax	Annotation Model
Le Monde corpus (Abeillé et al. 2000)	morphosyntax	Annotation Model
Connexor	morphosyntax, morphology, dependency syntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
SFB632 annotation standard (Dipper et al. 2008)	parts of speech, glosses, chunk labels, grammatical functions (phonology, information structure) for Canadian French (among other languages, SFB 632, project D2)	Annotation Model, Linking Model
French UD POS	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
French UD features	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
French UD dependencies	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model

Annotation Models for the morphological, morphosyntactic and syntactic annotation of other Romance and Italic languages

tagset	language	phenomenon	OWL/DL models
PROIEL	Latin (and others)	morphosyntax, dependency syntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Latin UD POS	Latin	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Latin UD features	Latin	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Latin UD dependencies	Latin	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
EAGLES recommendations (Leech and Wilson 1996)	Catalan, Portuguese, Spanish	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Connexor	Spanish, Italian	morphosyntax, morphology, dependency syntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
PAROLE Spanish/Catalan (http://nlp.lsi.upc.edu/freeling)	Spanish, Catalan	morphosyntax, inflectional morphology	Annotation Model
Catalan UD POS	Catalan	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Catalan UD features	Catalan	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Catalan UD dependencies	Catalan	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Galician UD POS	Galician	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Galician UD features	Galician	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Galician UD dependencies	Galician	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Italian UD POS	Italian	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Italian UD features	Italian	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Italian UD dependencies	Italian	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Portuguese UD POS	Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Portuguese UD features	Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Portuguese UD dependencies	Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Spanish UD POS	Spanish	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Spanish UD features	Spanish	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Spanish UD dependencies	Spanish	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
MULTEXT-East	Romanian	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
Romanian UD POS	Romanian	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Romanian UD features	Romanian	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Romanian UD dependencies	Romanian	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model

Annotation Models for the morphological, morphosyntactic and syntactic annotation of Uralic and Altaic languages

tagset	language	phenomenon	OWL/DL models
MULTEXT-East	Estonian	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
Estonian UD POS	Estonian	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Estonian UD features	Estonian	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Estonian UD dependencies	Estonian	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Connexor	Finnish	morphosyntax, morphology, dependency syntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Finnish UD POS	Finnish	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Finnish UD features	Finnish	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Finnish UD dependencies	Finnish	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
MULTEXT-East	Hungarian	morphosyntax, morphology	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
SFB632 annotation standard (Dipper et al. 2008)	Hungarian (among other languages) (SFB 632, project D2)	parts of speech, glosses, chunk labels, grammatical functions (phonology, information structure)	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Hungarian UD POS	Hungarian	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Hungarian UD features	Hungarian	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Hungarian UD dependencies	Hungarian	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Kazakh UD POS	Kazakh	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Kazakh UD features	Kazakh	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Kazakh UD dependencies	Kazakh	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Turkish POS tagset (Oflazer et al. 2003)	Turkish	morphosyntax	Annotation Model
Turkish UD POS	Turkish	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Turkish UD features	Turkish	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Turkish UD dependencies	Turkish	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model

Annotation Models for the morphosyntactic annotation of other European languages

tagset	language	phenomenon	OWL/DL models
EAGLES recommendations (Leech and Wilson 1996)	Modern Greek, Irish (among other EU languages)	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
SFB632 annotation standard (Dipper et al. 2008)	Georgian, Modern Greek (among other languages) (SFB 632, project D2)	parts of speech, glosses, chunk labels, grammatical functions (phonology, information structure)	Annotation Model, Linking Model
PROIEL	Ancient Greek, Classical Armenian (and others)	morphosyntax, dependency syntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Ancient Greek UD POS	Ancient Greek	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Ancient Greek UD features	Ancient Greek	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Ancient Greek UD dependencies	Ancient Greek	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
EUSTagger Ezeiza et al. (1998)	Basque	morphosyntax	Annotation Model
Basque UD POS	Basque	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Basque UD features	Basque	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Basque UD dependencies	Basque	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Greek UD POS	Greek	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Greek UD features	Greek	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Greek UD dependencies	Greek	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Irish UD POS	Irish	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Irish UD features	Irish	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Irish UD dependencies	Irish	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model

Annotation Models for the morphosyntactic annotation of Indoiranian languages

tagset	language	phenomenon	OWL/DL models
Urdu EMILLE tagset Hardie (2003, 2004)	Urdu	morphosyntax, inflectional morphology	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Urdu tagset Sajjad (2007)	Urdu	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
IL-POSTS tagset Baskaran et al. (2008)	Bangla, Hindi, Marathi, Sanskrit	morphosyntax, inflectional morphology	Annotation Model, Linking Model
AnnCorra Bharati et al. (2006)	Bangla, Hindi	morphosyntax, chunks	Annotation Model, Linking Model
IIIT tagset IIIT (2007)	Hindi, Marathi	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Hindi UD POS	Hindi	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Hindi UD features	Hindi	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Hindi UD dependencies	Hindi	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
SFB632 annotation standard (Dipper et al. 2008)	Konkani (among other, unrelated languages) (SFB 632, project D2)	parts of speech, glosses, chunk labels, grammatical functions (phonology, information structure)	Annotation Model, Linking Model
MULTEXT-East	Farsi (Persian)	morphosyntax	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
Persian UD POS	Farsi (Persian)	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Persian UD features	Farsi (Persian)	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Persian UD dependencies	Farsi (Persian)	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model

Annotation Models for the morphosyntactic annotation of Dravidian languages

tagset	language	phenomenon	OWL/DL models
IL-POSTS tagset Baskaran et al. (2008)	Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
AnnCorra Bharati et al. (2006)	Telugu, Tamil	morphosyntax, chunks	Annotation Model, Linking Model
IIIT tagset IIIT (2007)	Telugu	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Tamil UD POS	Tamil	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Tamil UD features	Tamil	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Tamil UD dependencies	Tamil	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model

Annotation Models for the morphological, morphosyntactic and syntactic annotation of Tibeto-Burman languages

tagset	language	phenomenon	OWL/DL models
Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010)	Dzongkha	morphosyntax	Annotation Model, Linking Model
SFB632 annotation standard (Dipper et al. 2008)	Prinmi (among other, unrelated languages) (SFB 632, project D2)	parts of speech, glosses, chunk labels, grammatical functions (phonology, information structure)	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Tübingen Tibetan Corpora (Wagner & Zeisler 2004)	Tibetan (Old Tibetan, Classical Tibetan, Balti, Ladakh)	morphosyntax, morphology, syntax	Annotation Model

Annotation Models for East Asian languages

annotation scheme / corpus	language	phenomenon	Annotation Model
Penn Chinese Treebank (Xia 2000)	Chinese	morphosyntax	Annotation Model
Chinese UD POS	Chinese	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Chinese UD features	Chinese	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Chinese UD dependencies	Chinese	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
SFB632 annotation standard (Dipper et al. 2008)	Japanese (among other, unrelated languages) (SFB 632, project D2)	parts of speech, glosses, chunk labels, grammatical functions (phonology, information structure)	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Japanese UD POS	Japanese	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Japanese UD features	Japanese	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Japanese UD dependencies	Japanese	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Sejong Treebank Annotation Model	Korean	morphosyntax (POS)	Annotation Model(), Linking Model()
Korean UD POS	Korean	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Korean UD features	Korean	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Korean UD dependencies	Korean	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Vietnamese UD POS	Vietnamese	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Vietnamese UD features	Vietnamese	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Vietnamese UD dependencies	Vietnamese	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model

Annotation Models for Afroasiatic languages

annotation scheme / corpus	language	phenomenon	Annotation Model
Amharic UD POS	Amharic	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Amharic UD features	Amharic	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Amharic UD dependencies	Amharic	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Arabic tagset (Khoja 2001)	Arabic	morphosyntax	Annotation Model
Arabic UD POS	Arabic	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Arabic UD features	Arabic	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Arabic UD dependencies	Arabic	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
SFB632 annotation standard (Dipper et al. 2008)	Chadic languages (including Guruntum, Tangale, Hausa) (SFB 632, project B2)	parts of speech, glosses, chunk labels, grammatical functions (phonology, information structure)	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Coptic UD POS	Coptic	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Coptic UD features	Coptic	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Coptic UD dependencies	Coptic	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model
Hausa Internet Corpus Chiarcos et al. (2011)	Hausa	morphosyntax	t.b.a
Hebrew UD POS	Hebrew	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Hebrew UD features	Hebrew	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Hebrew UD dependencies	Hebrew	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model

Annotation Models for the languages of Subsaharic Africa

annotation scheme / corpus	language	phenomenon	Annotation Model
SFB632 annotation standard (Dipper et al. 2008)	Gur and Kwa languages (including Aja, Dagbani, Buli, Byali, Ditammari, Fon, Foodo, Konni, Nateni, Waamma, Yom) (SFB 632, project B1)	parts of speech, glosses, chunk labels, grammatical functions (phonology, information structure)	Annotation Model, Linking Model
	Chadic languages (including Guruntum, Tangale, Hausa) (SFB 632, project B2)
Hausa Internet Corpus Chiarcos et al. (2011)	Hausa	morphosyntax	t.b.a

Annotation Models for indigenous languages of the Americas, Australia and the Pacific

annotation scheme / corpus	language	phenomenon	Annotation Model
SFB632 annotation standard (Dipper et al. 2008)	Teribe, Yucatec Maya, Mawng, Niue (SFB 632, project D2)	parts of speech, glosses, chunk labels, grammatical functions (phonology, information structure)	Annotation Model, Linking Model
Indonesian UD POS	Indonesian	parts of speech	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox, Linking Model
Indonesian UD features	Indonesian	morphosyntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox()
Indonesian UD dependencies	Indonesian	dependency syntax	language-specific Annotation Model ABox(), Annotation Model TBox(), Linking Model

External Reference Models

terminological repository	original url	local url	Linking Model
ISO TC37/SC4 Data Category Registry	http://www.isocat.org	t.b.a	t.b.a
GOLD	http://linguistics-ontology.org	t.b.a	t.b.a

Other applications

BLL - Bibliography of Linguistic Literature Thesaurus

OLiA also serves as a conceptual backbone for the ontological reconstruction, resp. LLOD edition, of legacy thesauri of linguistic terminology. This includes the Bibliography of Lingistic Literature (BLL) Thesaurus. The Bibliography of Linguistic Literature (BLL) is one of the most important bibliographical sources of bibliographical information for general linguistics as well as English, German and Romance linguistics, and the thesaurus organizes the keywords used for indexing linguistic literature since the 1950s.

terminological repository	original url	linking model
BLL Thesaurus (SKOS)	BLL Thesaurus (different formats available via content negotiation)	none
BLL Ontology (OWL)	BLL Ontology (different formats available via content negotiation)	bll-link.rdf